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The recent EU plan for tackling global heating proposes banning new internal-combustion engines by 2035 4.
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Several recent government initiatives incentivise or even compel car owners to switch to electric: Norway will ban the sale of petrol-powered cars by 2025, while the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany and the Netherlands plan to do the same by 2030, and France by 2040 3. Electrification of transport is becoming a top priority as part of the transition to a low-carbon future, in particular, to meet the targets of the Paris climate agreement of reducing carbon emissions by more than a third by 2030 1.
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LIBs are widely used in portable electronic devices (tablets and mobile phones), and increasingly in cordless electric tools, transportation applications (hybrid and electric vehicles, electric scooters, e-bikes), and stationary power storage for intermittent energy sources (solar or wind). Lithium-ion battery (LIB) is the term used for a battery composed of multiple electrochemical cells, each of which has a lithium-metal-oxide-based positive electrode (cathode) and a negative electrode (anode, typically graphitic carbon active material), electronically separated by a thin porous plastic film (i.e., separator) which contains the non-aqueous electrolyte solution (general comprising LiPF6 as salt and organic carbonates as solvents), and electronic current collectors (general Cu at the anode and Al at the cathode) that connect the electrochemical cell to an external circuit containing the load to be powered. Recently, however, the lithium market has become dominated by Li salts used in rechargeable batteries, which now consume ~65% of all lithium 2. Historically, lithium has found wide use in ceramic, glass, steel, and chemical industries, as well as in medicine for treating bipolar disorders. Lithium, hyped as the “white oil” ( petróleo blanco) or the “white gold” of the 21st century, owes its outstanding economic success to its key role in the energy transition 1. This sets the stage for a new method ensuring the certification of Li in LIB. Using an innovative geochemical approach based on the analysis of Li isotopes of raw and processed materials, we show that Li isotope ‘fingerprints’ are a useful tool for determining the origin of lithium in LIB. Today, the LIB-industry supply chain is very complex, making it difficult for end users to ensure that Li comes from environmentally and responsible sources. The corollary is that consumer expectations will also grow in terms of guarantees on the origin of Li and the efforts made to reduce the environmental and social impact potentially associated with its extraction. Lithium (Li) demand is estimated to increase considerably in the near future, due to the growing need for clean-energy technologies. Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIB) play a key role in the energy transition towards clean energy, powering electric vehicles, storing energy on renewable grids, and helping to cut emissions from transportation and energy sectors.